Changes in the Health Status of Pregnant Women Through Antenatal Care (ANC): An Analysis of Indonesian National Data

Abstract

Maternal health remains a major challenge in health development in Indonesia, particularly in efforts to reduce the Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) and Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) in line with the targets of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Antenatal Care (ANC) is a critical preventive intervention that plays a role in improving the health of mothers and fetuses through early risk detection, pregnancy monitoring, and the management of complications. This study aims to analyze changes in the health status of pregnant women through ANC services based on national data in Indonesia. The study employs a descriptive quantitative method with a document review approach using secondary data from the Indonesia Health Profile for 2020–2024. The analysis focuses on ANC coverage, particularly the K4 indicator, trends in maternal mortality rates, and the factors influencing them. The results indicate that K4 ANC coverage fluctuated, with the highest achievement in 2021 at 88.8% and a decline to 80.1% in 2024. The maternal mortality rate also remains relatively high and fluctuates, with disparities across regions in coverage and service quality. The leading causes of maternal mortality are dominated by hemorrhage and hypertension during pregnancy, which are actually preventable through quality ANC services. In conclusion, high ANC coverage has not been fully accompanied by an improvement in the health status of pregnant women. Therefore, strengthening service quality, comprehensive compliance with standards, and improving access to and continuity of services are necessary to reduce the rates of complications and maternal mortality.